https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&feed=atom&action=history
Rocket:Aerodynamics - Revision history
2024-03-29T14:15:41Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=499&oldid=prev
Vincent: /* Rocket aerodynamics */ local backup for pegasus wings
2013-03-12T00:16:01Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Rocket aerodynamics: </span> local backup for pegasus wings</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:16, 12 March 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We have seen with the [[Rocket:First_approximations|first approximation]] that the gravity drag is higher than expected for a single stage air-to-orbit configuration, when aerodynamic effects are ignored. The rocket engine has to be larger to compensate the gravity.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We have seen with the [[Rocket:First_approximations|first approximation]] that the gravity drag is higher than expected for a single stage air-to-orbit configuration, when aerodynamic effects are ignored. The rocket engine has to be larger to compensate the gravity.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On this page, we will evaluate how the aerodynamic effects can be used to compensate the gravity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) lift]) without impacting the thrust too much ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag drag]). This will be evaluated for a rocket without wings or fins at first, then we will do the same evaluation with small supersonic wings similar to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket) Pegasus] ([<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">//www.aircraftdesign.com/pegasus_3view</del>.gif wings image]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On this page, we will evaluate how the aerodynamic effects can be used to compensate the gravity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) lift]) without impacting the thrust too much ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag drag]). This will be evaluated for a rocket without wings or fins at first, then we will do the same evaluation with small supersonic wings similar to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket) Pegasus] ([<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">File:Pegasus_wings</ins>.gif<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|</ins>wings image<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>]).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Maximum dynamic pressure (max Q)==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Maximum dynamic pressure (max Q)==</div></td></tr>
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Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=496&oldid=prev
Vincent: /* Resources */ link CFD book
2013-02-18T22:28:46Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources: </span> link CFD book</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:28, 18 February 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This [http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/ConfigAero.html Configuration Aerodynamics] class may be useful.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This [http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/ConfigAero.html Configuration Aerodynamics] class may be useful.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If you're new to CFD, the following book is for you: John D. Anderson, Jr. '''Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics With Applications''', 1995. This is a beginners guide to CFD, quite outdated for direct software application but still well explained with lots of examples (poor quality nearly complete pdf [http://astronomy.nju.edu.cn/~chenpf/tmp/CFD.pdf here]).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Available Software===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Available Software===</div></td></tr>
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Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=495&oldid=prev
Vincent: /* Available Software */ update on rocketcalculator
2013-02-12T01:23:15Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Available Software: </span> update on rocketcalculator</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:23, 12 February 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Available Software===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Available Software===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For speeds below Mach 3.0 and angle of attack below 25 degrees, RocketCalculator as described in the following paper can be used: Dahalan, Md. Nizam and Su, Vin Cent and Ammoo, Mohd. Shar (2009). '''Development of a computer program for rocket aerodynmic coefficients estimation'''. Jurnal Mekanikal, 28. pp.28-43 ([http://eprints.utm.my/21023/ link]).</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://rasaero.com/ RASAero] created a nice tool for aerodynamics analysis running on Windows. It is free (costs no money): Rogers Aeroscience RASAero Aerodynamic Analysis and Flight Simulation Software.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://rasaero.com/ RASAero] created a nice tool for aerodynamics analysis running on Windows. It is free (costs no money): Rogers Aeroscience RASAero Aerodynamic Analysis and Flight Simulation Software.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AeroRocket, a company of John Cipolla, has created several useful aerodynamics analysis tools, like [http://www.aerorocket.com/VisualCFD/Instructions.html VisualCFD] or [http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim]. However, these tools are not free (it costs money) and also only work with Windows.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AeroRocket, a company of John Cipolla, has created several useful aerodynamics analysis tools, like [http://www.aerorocket.com/VisualCFD/Instructions.html VisualCFD] or [http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim]. However, these tools are not free (it costs money) and also only work with Windows.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For speeds below Mach 3.0 and angle of attack below 25 degrees, RocketCalculator as described in the following paper can be used: Dahalan, Md. Nizam and Su, Vin Cent and Ammoo, Mohd. Shar (2009). Development of a computer program for rocket aerodynmic coefficients estimation. Jurnal Mekanikal, 28. pp.28-43 ([http://eprints.utm.my/21023/ link]). '''''This program was requested several times using different communication ways, and no reply was received. Is it fake research?'''''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Rocket|Aerodynamics]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Rocket|Aerodynamics]]</div></td></tr>
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Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=493&oldid=prev
Vincent: /* Resources */ RocketCalculator info
2013-01-09T02:37:17Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources: </span> RocketCalculator info</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:37, 9 January 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Available Software===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Available Software===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For speeds below Mach 3.0 and angle of attack below 25 degrees, RocketCalculator as described in the following paper can be used: Dahalan, Md. Nizam and Su, Vin Cent and Ammoo, Mohd. Shar (2009). '''Development of a computer program for rocket aerodynmic coefficients estimation'''. Jurnal Mekanikal, 28. pp.28-43 ([http://eprints.utm.my/21023/ link]).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://rasaero.com/ RASAero] created a nice tool for aerodynamics analysis running on Windows. It is free (costs no money): Rogers Aeroscience RASAero Aerodynamic Analysis and Flight Simulation Software.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://rasaero.com/ RASAero] created a nice tool for aerodynamics analysis running on Windows. It is free (costs no money): Rogers Aeroscience RASAero Aerodynamic Analysis and Flight Simulation Software.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=492&oldid=prev
Vincent: angle of attack
2013-01-09T02:08:27Z
<p>angle of attack</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The regular and accurate way to study aerodynamics is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some examples of that method can be seen [http://specificimpulses.blogspot.fr/search/label/Rocket%20Simulation here] for example. We will first look for approximations in standard conditions before trying this way, as we did for [[Heat transfer]], because CFD is quite complicated when you don't know how to use it, and CPU intensive.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The regular and accurate way to study aerodynamics is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some examples of that method can be seen [http://specificimpulses.blogspot.fr/search/label/Rocket%20Simulation here] for example. We will first look for approximations in standard conditions before trying this way, as we did for [[Heat transfer]], because CFD is quite complicated when you don't know how to use it, and CPU intensive.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We consider here air-to-orbit rockets, so the subsonic part of the flight will be very short. We will ignore it for now, and directly skip to the transonic part. Our not-yet-published and approximative rocket flight and trajectory simulator informs us that the transonic regime lasts no more than 7 seconds if aerodynamic drag is ignored, with a release speed of Mach 0.9 and a thrust/weight ratio of 1.7. Most of the flight is thus supersonic and even hypersonic (Mach 5 should be reached at an altitude of 45km).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We consider here air-to-orbit rockets, so the subsonic part of the flight will be very short <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(after aircraft release)</ins>. We will ignore it for now, and directly skip to the transonic part. Our not-yet-published and approximative rocket flight and trajectory simulator informs us that the transonic regime lasts no more than 7 seconds if aerodynamic drag is ignored, with a release speed of Mach 0.9 and a thrust/weight ratio of 1.7. Most of the flight is thus supersonic and even hypersonic (Mach 5 should be reached at an altitude of 45km<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another particularity of air-to-orbit vehicles is the high '''angle of attack'''. Indeed, contrary to balloon or ground launches, we already have an horizontal velocity on ignition. If the beginning of the trajectory is optimized to avoid staying in the low altitude atmosphere, gravity will need to be countered by pitching up aggressively. The body of the rocket will thus be at a high angle of attack, and same thing if supersonic wings are mounted on the rocket, they will not provide enough lift for the first few tens of seconds to change the velocity angle (real pitch</ins>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Resources==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Resources==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=491&oldid=prev
Vincent: max Q
2013-01-05T23:06:48Z
<p>max Q</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:06, 5 January 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On this page, we will evaluate how the aerodynamic effects can be used to compensate the gravity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) lift]) without impacting the thrust too much ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag drag]). This will be evaluated for a rocket without wings or fins at first, then we will do the same evaluation with small supersonic wings similar to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket) Pegasus] ([http://www.aircraftdesign.com/pegasus_3view.gif wings image]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On this page, we will evaluate how the aerodynamic effects can be used to compensate the gravity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) lift]) without impacting the thrust too much ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag drag]). This will be evaluated for a rocket without wings or fins at first, then we will do the same evaluation with small supersonic wings similar to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket) Pegasus] ([http://www.aircraftdesign.com/pegasus_3view.gif wings image]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Maximum dynamic pressure (max Q)==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The main advantage of the air-to-orbit configuration is that the vehicle is not exposed to most of the atmosphere. We made a rocket flight trajectory simulator, and depending on the parameters of the vehicle, an approximation of the max Q can be calculated. For example, for a 1.7 thrust-to-weight ratio 652 kg vehicle given by our [[Rocket:First_approximations#Minimum_mass_evaluation|rocket mass program]], with a 30km altitude and 270m/s release speed, the '''max Q of 4664.36 Pa''' is reached after 54 seconds of flight, at a speed of Mach 3.40 and at an altitude of 34.8km.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This program uses the [[Flight_at_high_altitude#Gas_properties_and_altitude|International Standard Atmosphere]] and a very rough estimate of the trajectory that needs to be hand-corrected for any parameter change, so it's not yet of publishable quality.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evaluating lift and drag for a transonic/supersonic vehicle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evaluating lift and drag for a transonic/supersonic vehicle==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=489&oldid=prev
Vincent: /* Resources */ resources update
2013-01-03T02:51:33Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources: </span> resources update</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:51, 3 January 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12">Line 12:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is quite easy to find information for model rockets with tail fins, mainly in subsonic flight. The best found so far is the '''OpenRocket technical documentation''' ([https://openrocket.sourceforge.net/techdoc.pdf pdf], 125 pages) from Sampo Niskanen, july 2011, based on his Master thesis. The document is of very good quality and can be very useful even if it's not directly related to our flight conditions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is quite easy to find information for model rockets with tail fins, mainly in subsonic flight. The best found so far is the '''OpenRocket technical documentation''' ([https://openrocket.sourceforge.net/techdoc.pdf pdf], 125 pages) from Sampo Niskanen, july 2011, based on his Master thesis. The document is of very good quality and can be very useful even if it's not directly related to our flight conditions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the final steps</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">if we use fins or small wings</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we may use an aeroelastic </del>analysis <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">software </del>like [http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to design their physical properties</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This [http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/ConfigAero.html Configuration Aerodynamics] class may be useful.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Available Software===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://rasaero.com/ RASAero] created a nice tool for aerodynamics analysis running on Windows. It is free (costs no money): Rogers Aeroscience RASAero Aerodynamic Analysis and Flight Simulation Software.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AeroRocket</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a company of John Cipolla</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has created several useful aerodynamics </ins>analysis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tools, </ins>like <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.aerorocket.com/VisualCFD/Instructions.html VisualCFD] or </ins>[http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. However, these tools are not free (it costs money) and also only work with Windows</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Rocket|Aerodynamics]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Rocket|Aerodynamics]]</div></td></tr>
</table>
Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=488&oldid=prev
Vincent: /* Resources */ fixing category
2013-01-01T02:55:14Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources: </span> fixing category</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:55, 1 January 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the final steps, if we use fins or small wings, we may use an aeroelastic analysis software like [http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim] to design their physical properties.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the final steps, if we use fins or small wings, we may use an aeroelastic analysis software like [http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim] to design their physical properties.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Rocket]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Rocket<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|Aerodynamics</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
</table>
Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=487&oldid=prev
Vincent: another link: AeroFinSim and rocket category
2013-01-01T02:38:41Z
<p>another link: AeroFinSim and rocket category</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:38, 1 January 2013</td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Resources==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Resources==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is quite easy to find information for model rockets with tail fins, mainly in subsonic flight. The best found so far is the '''OpenRocket technical documentation''' ([https://openrocket.sourceforge.net/techdoc.pdf pdf], 125 pages) from Sampo Niskanen, july 2011, based on his Master thesis. The document is of very good quality and can be very useful even if it's not directly related to our flight conditions.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is quite easy to find information for model rockets with tail </del>fins, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mainly in subsonic flight. The best found so far is the '''OpenRocket technical documentation''' (</del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</del>://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">openrocket</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sourceforge</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">net</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">techdoc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pdf pdf</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 125 pages) from Sampo Niskanen, july 2011, based on his Master thesis</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the final steps, if we use </ins>fins <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or small wings</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we may use an aeroelastic analysis software like </ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</ins>://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aerorocket</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">finsim</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html AeroFinSim</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to design their physical properties</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Rocket]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>
Vincent
https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=Rocket:Aerodynamics&diff=486&oldid=prev
Vincent: Page creation, context and first document link
2013-01-01T02:32:24Z
<p>Page creation, context and first document link</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>=Rocket aerodynamics=<br />
We have seen with the [[Rocket:First_approximations|first approximation]] that the gravity drag is higher than expected for a single stage air-to-orbit configuration, when aerodynamic effects are ignored. The rocket engine has to be larger to compensate the gravity.<br />
<br />
On this page, we will evaluate how the aerodynamic effects can be used to compensate the gravity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) lift]) without impacting the thrust too much ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag drag]). This will be evaluated for a rocket without wings or fins at first, then we will do the same evaluation with small supersonic wings similar to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket) Pegasus] ([http://www.aircraftdesign.com/pegasus_3view.gif wings image]).<br />
<br />
==Evaluating lift and drag for a transonic/supersonic vehicle==<br />
The regular and accurate way to study aerodynamics is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some examples of that method can be seen [http://specificimpulses.blogspot.fr/search/label/Rocket%20Simulation here] for example. We will first look for approximations in standard conditions before trying this way, as we did for [[Heat transfer]], because CFD is quite complicated when you don't know how to use it, and CPU intensive.<br />
<br />
We consider here air-to-orbit rockets, so the subsonic part of the flight will be very short. We will ignore it for now, and directly skip to the transonic part. Our not-yet-published and approximative rocket flight and trajectory simulator informs us that the transonic regime lasts no more than 7 seconds if aerodynamic drag is ignored, with a release speed of Mach 0.9 and a thrust/weight ratio of 1.7. Most of the flight is thus supersonic and even hypersonic (Mach 5 should be reached at an altitude of 45km).<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
It is quite easy to find information for model rockets with tail fins, mainly in subsonic flight. The best found so far is the '''OpenRocket technical documentation''' ([https://openrocket.sourceforge.net/techdoc.pdf pdf], 125 pages) from Sampo Niskanen, july 2011, based on his Master thesis.</div>
Vincent