https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&feed=atom&action=historyLunarScience - Revision history2024-03-28T23:08:36ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.40.0https://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=573&oldid=prevVincent: /* From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory */ more from orbit2015-03-28T19:35:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory: </span> more from orbit</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_spectrometer#Planetary_gamma-ray_spectrometers Gamma-ray spectrometry] can be used from orbit to map the surface distribution of an element. The surface </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">continuously bombarded by cosmic rays, which make it emit gamma rays, then measured by the spectrometer.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''This section </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incomplete''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''This section </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incomplete''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_spectrometer#Planetary_gamma-ray_spectrometers Gamma-ray spectrometry] can be used from orbit to map the surface distribution of an element. The surface </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">continuously bombarded by cosmic rays, which make it emit gamma rays, then measured by the spectrometer. An example use was the mapping of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KREEP KREEP] distribution by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Prospector Lunar Prospector] spacecraft.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Micrometeroid characterisation and detection by first orbiters.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Micrometeroid characterisation and detection by first orbiters.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_1 Chang'e 1] and 2 had stereo cameras, laser altimeter, imaging spectrometer in visible and near-IR spectrum, Gamma and X-ray spectrometers, microwave radiometer for ground penetration up to 30m, and high energy particle and solar wind detectors. That was the first microwave (radar) mapping of the Moon.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_1 Chang'e 1] and 2 had stereo cameras, laser altimeter, imaging spectrometer in visible and near-IR spectrum, Gamma and X-ray spectrometers, microwave radiometer for ground penetration up to 30m, and high energy particle and solar wind detectors. That was the first microwave (radar) mapping of the Moon.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The electromagnetic environment was also studied from orbit, by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-1], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Prospector Lunar Prospector] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADEE LADEE]. Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft mapped a "mini-magnetosphere" at the Crisium antipode on the moon's far side, using its Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA) instrument. Lunar Prospector spacecraft detected changes in the lunar nightside voltage during magnetotail crossings. LADEE has probably done more about magnetic field, to be completed.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the surface==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the surface==</div></td></tr>
</table>Vincenthttps://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=572&oldid=prevVincent: /* From the surface, of the surface */ APXS update2015-02-16T02:03:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">From the surface, of the surface: </span> APXS update</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:03, 16 February 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu_(rover) YuTu] rover from the Chinese mission [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] carried three instruments: an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer alpha particle X-ray spectrometer] (APXS) described in [http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1699.pdf this paper (PDF)] and an infrared spectrometer, both used to analyse the composition of soil or rocks on the surface; a couple of stereo cameras for collision avoidance and trajectory planning. The APXS sensor was the only instrument at the end of the robotic arm. The sensor's head was quite small and had a mass of only 752g. It also comprised a radio-isotope heater unit, to survive the lunar night, adding 390g. The APXS could also be used as a range sensor, measuring the X-ray count rate. The first two spectra can be found in the PDF linked above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu_(rover) YuTu] rover from the Chinese mission [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] carried three instruments: an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer alpha particle X-ray spectrometer] (APXS) described in [http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1699.pdf this paper (PDF)] and an infrared spectrometer, both used to analyse the composition of soil or rocks on the surface; a couple of stereo cameras for collision avoidance and trajectory planning. The APXS sensor was the only instrument at the end of the robotic arm. The sensor's head was quite small and had a mass of only 752g. It also comprised a radio-isotope heater unit, to survive the lunar night, adding 390g. The APXS could also be used as a range sensor, measuring the X-ray count rate. The first two spectra can be found in the PDF linked above<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. There was also a part of the instrument in the rover, not in the arm, the total mass is unknown. Details and pictures of the device can be seen [http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-3.html here].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is a mention of a microwave sonar underneath the YuTu rover [http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-3.html here], but not on the wikipedia page</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==</div></td></tr>
</table>Vincenthttps://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=571&oldid=prevVincent: /* From the surface, of the rest of the universe */ more chang'e 3 instruments2015-02-16T01:18:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">From the surface, of the rest of the universe: </span> more chang'e 3 instruments</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:18, 16 February 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chinese lander </del>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3#Lunar-based_ultraviolet_telescope_.28LUT.29 150mm telescope] onboard <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and looked at the universe in near ultraviolet wavelengths</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It allows </del>for long term monitoring of a target, because the moon has a low rotation rate, and with no UV filtering from Earth atmosphere.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT)'''. </ins>In <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1972 Apollo 16 brought a [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_16/experiments/f_ultra/ 76mm far-UV telescope] and in </ins>2013 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lander </ins>had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3#Lunar-based_ultraviolet_telescope_.28LUT.29 150mm <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">near-UV </ins>telescope] onboard. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lunar telescopes allow </ins>for long term monitoring of a target, because the moon has a low rotation rate, and with no UV filtering <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as </ins>from Earth atmosphere<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Construction details and pictres can be found [http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-3.html here], instruments section</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013, the Chinese lander [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] had an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3#Extreme_ultraviolet_.28EUV.29_camera extreme ultraviolet camera] whose purpose was to study the plasmasphere of the Earth and its variation with solar activity.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013, the Chinese lander [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] had an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3#Extreme_ultraviolet_.28EUV.29_camera extreme ultraviolet camera] whose purpose was to study the plasmasphere of the Earth and its variation with solar activity<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The camera has a 15 degrees field of view. Details can be found [http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-3.html here], instruments section</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=What we know about the lunar environment=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=What we know about the lunar environment=</div></td></tr>
</table>Vincenthttps://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=570&oldid=prevVincent: /* From the surface, of the surface */ link for APXS2015-02-15T20:36:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">From the surface, of the surface: </span> link for APXS</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:36, 15 February 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu_(rover) YuTu] rover from the Chinese mission [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] carried three instruments: an alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) described in [http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1699.pdf this paper (PDF)] and an infrared spectrometer, both used to analyse the composition of soil or rocks on the surface; a couple of stereo cameras for collision avoidance and trajectory planning. The APXS sensor was the only instrument at the end of the robotic arm. The sensor's head was quite small and had a mass of only 752g. It also comprised a radio-isotope heater unit, to survive the lunar night, adding 390g. The APXS could also be used as a range sensor, measuring the X-ray count rate. The first two spectra can be found in the PDF linked above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu_(rover) YuTu] rover from the Chinese mission [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] carried three instruments: an <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer </ins>alpha particle X-ray spectrometer<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </ins>(APXS) described in [http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1699.pdf this paper (PDF)] and an infrared spectrometer, both used to analyse the composition of soil or rocks on the surface; a couple of stereo cameras for collision avoidance and trajectory planning. The APXS sensor was the only instrument at the end of the robotic arm. The sensor's head was quite small and had a mass of only 752g. It also comprised a radio-isotope heater unit, to survive the lunar night, adding 390g. The APXS could also be used as a range sensor, measuring the X-ray count rate. The first two spectra can be found in the PDF linked above.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==</div></td></tr>
</table>Vincenthttps://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=569&oldid=prevVincent: /* From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory */ chang'e 1 and 22015-02-15T17:50:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory: </span> chang'e 1 and 2</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_spectrometer#Planetary_gamma-ray_spectrometers Gamma-ray spectrometry] can be used from orbit to map the surface distribution of an element. The surface is continuously bombarded by cosmic rays, which make it emit gamma rays, then measured by the spectrometer.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Micrometeroid characterisation and detection by first orbiters.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Micrometeroid characterisation and detection by first orbiters.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_1 Chang'e 1] and 2 had stereo cameras, laser altimeter, imaging spectrometer in visible and near-IR spectrum, Gamma and X-ray spectrometers, microwave radiometer for ground penetration up to 30m, and high energy particle and solar wind detectors. That was the first microwave (radar) mapping of the Moon.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the surface==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the surface==</div></td></tr>
</table>Vincenthttps://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=568&oldid=prevVincent: /* From the surface, of the surface */ spectros2015-02-15T17:19:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">From the surface, of the surface: </span> spectros</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:19, 15 February 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12">Line 12:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the surface==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the surface==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectrometry X-ray spectrometers] provide data very easy to interpret to obtain qualitative information about the elemental composition of a material. Matching data with well-known sample measurements or even standard spectra can lead to quantitative results. The main issue with such devices is producing X-rays, or other sources of energy that will make target elements radiate at X-ray levels of energy.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectrometry#Practical_IR_spectroscopy Infrared spectrometry] can similarly inform about molecular composition.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This section is incomplete''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 2013, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu_(rover) YuTu] rover from the Chinese mission [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] carried three instruments: an alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) described in [http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1699.pdf this paper (PDF)] and an infrared spectrometer, both used to analyse the composition of soil or rocks on the surface; a couple of stereo cameras for collision avoidance and trajectory planning. The APXS sensor was the only instrument at the end of the robotic arm. The sensor's head was quite small and had a mass of only 752g. It also comprised a radio-isotope heater unit, to survive the lunar night, adding 390g. The APXS could also be used as a range sensor, measuring the X-ray count rate. The first two spectra can be found in the PDF linked above.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==</div></td></tr>
</table>Vincenthttps://lcas.otaski.org/index.php?title=LunarScience&diff=567&oldid=prevVincent: Skeleton and Chang'e 3 instruments2015-02-15T13:30:06Z<p>Skeleton and Chang'e 3 instruments</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>During the first decades of the Moon's exploration, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_race Moon race], the largest part of scientific payloads and instruments were used to assess if the lunar environment could support humans and under which conditions. Most instruments were cameras, video of photographic, mapping the surface of the Moon from distance to find suitable landing sites, taking close-up imagery just before crashing on the Moon, or landers taking photographs of the lunar dust. Sample returns were also the most efficient way of studying the lunar regolith. In the past two decades, real science was conducted on the moon or around it, and this page lists the experiments that have taken place since 1950.<br />
<br />
Soon, the first [http://lunar.xprize.org/ Google Lunax X-Prize] (GLXP) teams shall land on the Moon and will probably increase this list a lot. One of the teams, [http://ptscientists.com/ Part-time Scientists] from Germany, has made a [http://ptscientists.com/go/space call for payloads], cubesat-sized science packages that will land on the moon and return data to earth. The first goal of this page is to have a rough idea of what can be done with minor monetary investment, while still being useful, and possibly answer the call for payload.<br />
<br />
=Science with direct measurements taken of or from the surface of the Moon=<br />
<br />
==From lunar orbit or intersecting trajectory==<br />
<br />
''This section is incomplete''<br />
<br />
Micrometeroid characterisation and detection by first orbiters.<br />
<br />
==From the surface, of the surface==<br />
<br />
''This section is incomplete''<br />
<br />
==From the surface, of the rest of the universe==<br />
<br />
''This section is incomplete''<br />
<br />
In 2013, the Chinese lander [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3#Lunar-based_ultraviolet_telescope_.28LUT.29 150mm telescope] onboard and looked at the universe in near ultraviolet wavelengths. It allows for long term monitoring of a target, because the moon has a low rotation rate, and with no UV filtering from Earth atmosphere.<br />
<br />
In 2013, the Chinese lander [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3 Chang'e 3] had an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_3#Extreme_ultraviolet_.28EUV.29_camera extreme ultraviolet camera] whose purpose was to study the plasmasphere of the Earth and its variation with solar activity.<br />
<br />
=What we know about the lunar environment=<br />
<br />
''This section is incomplete''<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography_of_the_Moon Topography of the Moon]<br />
<br />
==Atmosphere==<br />
<br />
==Regolith==<br />
<br />
==Radiation==<br />
<br />
==Magnetic field==<br />
<br />
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon Main article]''<br />
<br />
==Gravity map==</div>Vincent