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                        "*": "=Resources=\n\nThis page gathers available documentation on the numerous subjects linked the project, including rocket science, turbofans, aerodynamics, amateur rocketry and SSTO.\n\nAn [[Aero formulas|internal page]] has been created containing useful formulas related to thermodynamics and aerodynamics. Another page contains all [[heat transfer]]-related material.\n\n==Similar projects==\n\n* [http://www.opennautics.com/ Opennautics] (European project) develops a hybrid engine for an amateur rocket, all open source.\n* [http://www.wikisat.org/?page_id=2 WikiSat] (European project, mostly Spanish) work on pico satellites and their launcher, mainly a rocket launched from a balloon (a rockoon).\n* [http://swedenrocketresearchgroup.blogspot.fr/ Sweden Rocket Research Group], also an amateur project developing rocket engines and accessories, currently a hybrid engine. Link to their [https://www.youtube.com/user/borgaren84/videos?shelf_index=0&sort=dd&tag_id=&view=0 youtube videos].\n\n==Web pages==\n\nA more complete and multi-domain list of links is available on the [http://www.arocketry.net/ amateur rocketry website], as well as on the ARocket mailing list, subscription available on this same site. Most useful links are below:\n\n* An important nasaspaceflight [http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=2847.0 forum thread] where ideas on micro-rocketry to orbit are discussed and shared.\n\n* A kind of spin-off of the above thread is the [http://orbitalaspirations.blogspot.com/ Orbital Aspirations weblog]. It was recently created by Ed LeBouthillier and is already filled with lots of information on scaling down rocket equations to micro-rocketry, SSTO, reference papers, news of the domain and so on.\n\n* Another blog talking about SSTO and air-to-orbit: [http://selenianboondocks.blogspot.fr/2007/01/orbital-access-methodologies-part-i-air.html Selenian Boondocks].\n\n* Another blog is dedicated to SSTO: [http://exoscientist.blogspot.fr/ Polymath/Exoscientist].\n\n* A scientist blog with some occasional rocketry: [http://www.gravityloss.com/ Gravity Loss].\n\n* Robert A. Braeunig's [http://www.braeunig.us/space/ website] on rocket and space technology, including a nice forum.\n\n* [http://www.k-makris.gr/RocketTechnology/Nozzle_Design/nozzle_design.htm Nozzle design].\n\n* [http://www.xcor.com/products/pumps/ XCOR cryogenic piston pumps] (for LOX) on [http://www.xcor.com/products/engines/4K5_LOX-Kerosene_rocket_engine.html XR-4K5], a 1,800 lbf LOX/kerosene Engine.\n\n* [http://www.mentallandscape.com/S_R7.htm History of the R7] (soyuz rocket) and rocket engines issues prior to it.\n\n* [http://williams.best.vwh.net/index.html Ed Williams' Aviation page] Flight dynamics and formulas about aviation in general. A good start to understand flight controls. Link found on this [http://unreasonablerocket.blogspot.fr/2013/04/teaching-computer-to-fly.html unreasonable rocket] blog entry about UAV.\n\n==Lectures==\n\n* [http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/16/16.unified/propulsionS04/UnifiedPropulsion1/UnifiedPropulsion1.htm Unified Propulsion MIT lecture]. Lots of interesting stuff, especially in page 9 \"Energy Exchange with Moving Blades\".\n\n* [http://mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/notes.html Thermodynamics and Propulsion MIT lecture]. Lots of interesting stuff too, especially the third part on propulsion.\n\n==Books (online links)==\n\n===Multi-domain===\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=jM4yNV5xTscC Aerothermodynamics of gas turbine and rocket propulsion] by Gordon C. Oates. 1997.\n\n===Rocket engines===\n\n* [http://nprize.mine.nu/~vinvin/rocket_book/ How to design, build and test small liquid-fuel rocket engines] by Rocketlab / China lake, Calif. 1967. ''Local copy of the full book''. Backup is [[:Image:Rocket_book.tar.gz|here]].\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=LQbDOxg3XZcC Rocket propulsion elements] by George Paul Sutton and Oscar Biblarz. 7th edition, 2001. ''Very complete.''\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=TKdIbLX51NQC Modern engineering for design of liquid-propellant rocket engines] by Dieter K. Huzel, David H. Huang and Harry Arbit. 1992.\n\n* [http://www.spl.ch/publication/sp125.html The Design of Liquid Propellant Rockets] (full book) 2nd edition by Huzel and Huang, 1971.\n\n====Specific topics of rocket egines:====\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=1OC8zeol7uMC Cryogenic engineering] by Thomas M. Flynn. 2005.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=sobvSF82RVAC Liquid rocket engine combustion instability] by Vigor Yang and William E. Anderson. 1995.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HWotm1k40QC Liquid rocket thrust chambers: aspects of modeling, analysis, and design] by Vigor Yang. 2004.\n\n===Turbines and turbofans===\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=VpJEm7cFVE4C Jet engines: fundamentals of theory, design, and operation] by Klaus H\u00fcnecke, 1997.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=V0SnFt8JGokC The history of North American small gas turbine aircraft engines] by Richard A. Leyes and William A. Fleming. 1999.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=dZkDQgAACAAJ Turbofan] by Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome and John McBrewster. 2009.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=yy2YoIKDC3gC Jet propulsion:] a simple guide to the aerodynamics and thermodynamic design and performance of jet engines, by N. A. Cumpsty. 2003.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=ummg5F227WoC Gas turbine theory] by H. I. H. Saravanamuttoo, Gordon Frederick Crichton Rogers and Henry Cohen. 2001.\n\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=zPAFHyHctRUC Gas turbine engineering handbook] by Meherwan P. Boyce. 2002.\n\n===Other: Thermodynamics, Aerodynamics, general physics===\n\n* [http://www.desktop.aero/appliedaero/preface/welcome.html Applied Aerodynamics: A Digital Textbook] by Desktop Aeronautics, Inc. 2007.\n\n* [http://www.rshanthini.com/ThermoBook.htm Thermodynamics for Beginners, with worked examples] by R. Shanthini. 2006.\n\n==Videos (youtube links)==\n\n* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esgc5W_Ufng SSTO presentation] at SpaceUp conference.\n\n* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vN3_Wkyl5PQ How are made turbine blades] from Discovey channel \"How it's made\" show.\n\n* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7LQuVfDwFQ Using propellers to get into space] by [http://www.jpaerospace.com/ John Powell] in SpaceVidCast.\n\n* [http://www.youtube.com/user/AgentJayZ#p/u/16/giRA01IHexk Video documentaries on turbine engines], from a turbine renovator in Canada, probably the best resource on the Web for seing what's inside real engines."
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                "title": "Rocket:Aerodynamics",
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                        "*": "=Rocket aerodynamics=\nWe have seen with the [[Rocket:First_approximations|first approximation]] that the gravity drag is higher than expected for a single stage air-to-orbit configuration, when aerodynamic effects are ignored. The rocket engine has to be larger to compensate the gravity.\n\nOn this page, we will evaluate how the aerodynamic effects can be used to compensate the gravity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) lift]) without impacting the thrust too much ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag drag]). This will be evaluated for a rocket without wings or fins at first, then we will do the same evaluation with small supersonic wings similar to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket) Pegasus] ([[:File:Pegasus_wings.gif|wings image]]).\n\n==Maximum dynamic pressure (max Q)==\nThe main advantage of the air-to-orbit configuration is that the vehicle is not exposed to most of the atmosphere. We made a rocket flight trajectory simulator, and depending on the parameters of the vehicle, an approximation of the max Q can be calculated. For example, for a 1.7 thrust-to-weight ratio 652 kg vehicle given by our [[Rocket:First_approximations#Minimum_mass_evaluation|rocket mass program]], with a 30km altitude and 270m/s release speed, the '''max Q of 4664.36 Pa''' is reached after 54 seconds of flight, at a speed of Mach 3.40 and at an altitude of 34.8km.\n\nThis program uses the [[Flight_at_high_altitude#Gas_properties_and_altitude|International Standard Atmosphere]] and a very rough estimate of the trajectory that needs to be hand-corrected for any parameter change, so it's not yet of publishable quality.\n\n==Evaluating lift and drag for a transonic/supersonic vehicle==\nThe regular and accurate way to study aerodynamics is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some examples of that method can be seen [http://specificimpulses.blogspot.fr/search/label/Rocket%20Simulation here] for example. We will first look for approximations in standard conditions before trying this way, as we did for [[Heat transfer]], because CFD is quite complicated when you don't know how to use it, and CPU intensive.\n\nWe consider here air-to-orbit rockets, so the subsonic part of the flight will be very short (after aircraft release). We will ignore it for now, and directly skip to the transonic part. Our not-yet-published and approximative rocket flight and trajectory simulator informs us that the transonic regime lasts no more than 7 seconds if aerodynamic drag is ignored, with a release speed of Mach 0.9 and a thrust/weight ratio of 1.7. Most of the flight is thus supersonic and even hypersonic (Mach 5 should be reached at an altitude of 45km).\n\nAnother particularity of air-to-orbit vehicles is the high '''angle of attack'''. Indeed, contrary to balloon or ground launches, we already have an horizontal velocity on ignition. If the beginning of the trajectory is optimized to avoid staying in the low altitude atmosphere, gravity will need to be countered by pitching up aggressively. The body of the rocket will thus be at a high angle of attack, and same thing if supersonic wings are mounted on the rocket, they will not provide enough lift for the first few tens of seconds to change the velocity angle (real pitch).\n\n==Resources==\nIt is quite easy to find information for model rockets with tail fins, mainly in subsonic flight. The best found so far is the '''OpenRocket technical documentation''' ([https://openrocket.sourceforge.net/techdoc.pdf pdf], 125 pages) from Sampo Niskanen, july 2011, based on his Master thesis. The document is of very good quality and can be very useful even if it's not directly related to our flight conditions.\n\nThis [http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/ConfigAero.html Configuration Aerodynamics] class may be useful.\n\nIf you're new to CFD, the following book is for you: John D. Anderson, Jr. '''Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics With Applications''', 1995. This is a beginners guide to CFD, quite outdated for direct software application but still well explained with lots of examples (poor quality nearly complete pdf [http://astronomy.nju.edu.cn/~chenpf/tmp/CFD.pdf here]).\n\n===Available Software===\n\n[http://rasaero.com/ RASAero] created a nice tool for aerodynamics analysis running on Windows. It is free (costs no money): Rogers Aeroscience RASAero Aerodynamic Analysis and Flight Simulation Software.\n\nAeroRocket, a company of John Cipolla, has created several useful aerodynamics analysis tools, like [http://www.aerorocket.com/VisualCFD/Instructions.html VisualCFD] or [http://www.aerorocket.com/finsim.html AeroFinSim]. However, these tools are not free (it costs money) and also only work with Windows.\n\nFor speeds below Mach 3.0 and angle of attack below 25 degrees, RocketCalculator as described in the following paper can be used: Dahalan, Md. Nizam and Su, Vin Cent and Ammoo, Mohd. Shar (2009). Development of a computer program for rocket aerodynmic coefficients estimation. Jurnal Mekanikal, 28. pp.28-43 ([http://eprints.utm.my/21023/ link]). '''''This program was requested several times using different communication ways, and no reply was received. Is it fake research?'''''\n\n[[Category:Rocket|Aerodynamics]]"
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